Name: Bharti Dharaiya
Roll. No. : 3
Topic : Five types of Cultural studies
Subject : Cultural studies
Class : Sem - 2
Enrollment no: 2069198420200008
Email ID : bhartidharaiya123@gmail.com
College : Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Five types of Cultural studies
∆ Introduction :
Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which “culture” creates and transforms individual experiences. Cultural studies has five types of Cultural studies. British Culture materialism, New Historicism, American Multiculturalism, Postmodernism and Popular culture, Post colonial studies.
∆ What is Culture?
Culture is a difficult term to define. In 1952, the American anthropologists, Kroeber and
Kluckhohn, critically reviewed concepts and definitions of culture, and compiled a list of 164
different definitions. Apte (1994: 2001) writing in the ten-volume Encyclopedia of Language and
Linguistics.
∆ Definition of Culture :
"Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
- Tyler
" Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another."
- Hofstede
" Culture is the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people, but different for each individual, communicated from one generation to the next."
- Matsumoto
∆ Another definition :
" Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning."
∆ What is Cultural studies?
" Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which “culture” creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power."
" Cultural studies, interdisciplinary fields concerned with the role of social institutions in the shaping of culture. Cultural studies emerged in Britain in the late 1950s and subsequently spread internationally, notably to the United States and Australia."
If we go deeper in the meaning of cultural Studies then we find that Cultural Studies is an academic field of critical theory and literary criticism initially introduced by British Academies in 1964 and subsequently adopted by allied academics throughout the world.
∆ Five types of Cultural studies
In the Cultural studies, there are five types of Cultural studies.
∆ British Culture materialism
∆ New Historicism
∆ American Multiculturalism
∆ Postmodernism and Popular culture
∆ Post colonial studies
∆ British Culture Materialism:
Cultural Materialism began in the 1950s with the work of F.R. Leavis was influenced by Matthew Arnold's analyses of bourgeois Culture. Cultural studies is referred to as "Cultural Materialism" in Britain and it has a long tradition.
The two words in the term 'Cultural Materialism' defined 'Culture' will include all the forms of Culture. 'Materialism' signifies the opposite of Idealism; an idealist belief would be that high Culture represents free and independent Culture.
Materiality is not Cultural but Culture is beyond the materialistics.
For example: Piramid
Another example is that we found materialistics scenes in the movies ,where villains are rich and the hero of the movie belongs to a poor family. So there are conflicts between labor and leisure classes.
British Culture is rather Cultural than American culture.
Cultural studies is referred to as "Cultural Materialism" in Britain and it has a long tradition in Britain. Matthew Arnold sought to redefine the British Culture. Revision of Culture is the controlling myth of the social and political reality of British Empire. In modern Britain two trajectories for "Culture" developed.
Led back to the past and feudal hierarchies that ordered community in the past, Cultural acted in its sacred function as preserver of the past.
The term Cultural Materialism wasade made in 1985 when it was used by Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield as subtitles of their edited collection of essays Political Shakespeare. They define the term in a critical method which has four characteristics :
∆ Historical context
∆ Theoretical context
∆ Political commitment
∆ Textual analysis
Led towards a future socialist that would annul the conflict between labor and leisure classes.
∆ New Historicism:
The term ' new historicism' was coined by the American critic Stephen Greenblatt whose book Renaissance Self Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare(1980) is usually regarded as it's beginning.
New historicism has been a hugely influential approach for literature and especially in studies of William Shakespeare’s works and literature of the Early Modern period. It began in earnest in 1980 and quickly supplanted New Criticism as the new belief in early modern studies.
New Historicism Structured into three parts. The first on Foucault, the second on Greenblatt’s “Invisible Bullets” and the third on the cultural materialist Sinfield. Its focus on practice rather than theory renders it too specific to serve as a lone entry point, but it is useful introductory material if considered alongside other accounts.
New Historicism, Michel Warner phrases New Historicism's motto as "The text is historical and history is textual".
New Historicism helps in answering the questions raised against the Laputa episode in Gulliver's travels." The flying Island and Female Anatomy : Gynaecology and power in Gulliver's Travels" Susan Bruce connects Gulliver's anxious fixation on the female body to the anxieties of his age involving the rise of the female body to the changing role of women.
Laputa is a gigantic trope of the female body, the island with a round chasm at the center. Laputa has at its giant lodestone on which the movement of the island depends. The floating structure of Laputa is like a uterus and vagina. Gulliver and Laputians are able to enter this cavity at will and control not only the movement of lodestone and island but also the entire society.
∆ What new historians do?
1 . They juxtapose Literary and non Literary text, reading the former in the light of the latter.
2 . They try thereby to defamiliarize the canonical literary text.
3 . They focus attention on issues of state power and how it is maintained.
∆ American Multiculturalism
American multiculturalism should be openly embraced in the United States, a country where many pride and having the freedom to be who they are without any objection in 2015. In 1965 the Watts race riots drew worldwide attention towards America. In the America interracial marriage was still illegal in many states. American people accursed with the social conflicts like
- Black agitation
- Civil rights Acts
- Segregation
- Harlem Renaissance
- The contents of Race without scientific Evidence.
Cultural development found in America. There is a mixing of Culture or we can say multicultural. One person has says that he would not feel comfortable or freedom to putting “a Muslim in charge of nation.”And another candidate has suggested the American that “should not have a multicultural society” when it all thhings comes to thinking about foreign immigration.
American should graduate without a framework of knowledge from college. Here are some writers.
∆ African American Writers
∆ Latino Writers
∆ American Indian Literature
∆ Asian American Writers
∆ Postmodernism :
Postmodernism began in the mid -18. Postmodernism emerged in art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion and other fields. Postmodernism not only does not mourn the loss of meaning but celebrates the activity of fragmentation. Postmodernism thinking rational and logical.
Frederick Jameson focused on artistic movements like postmodernism and modernism as culturalism. Realism was the predominant style within the eighteenth and nineteenth century. There were use capitalism :
∆ Market capitalism
∆ Monopoly capitalism
∆ Consumer capitalism
∆ Popular culture :
There are four types of popular culture analyses.
1 ) Production analysis
2 ) Textual analysis
3 ) Audience analysis
4 ) Historical analysis
These analyses get the surface meaning and implicit social meaning. These four approaches view culture as a narrative or story telling process in which particular text or Cultural artifacts consciously or unconsciously link themselves to large stories at play in society.
1 ) Production analysis :
Production analysis asks the following kinds of questions: who owns the media? Who creates texts and why? Under what constraints? How democratic or elitist is the production of popular culture? What about works written only for money?
2 ) Textual analysis :
Textual analysis examines how specific works of popular create meaning.
3 ) Audience analysis :
Audience analysis asks how different groups of popular consumers or users make similar or different sense of the same texts.
4 ) Historical analysis :
Historical investigates how these other three dimensions change over time.
∆ Post colonial studies
"Postcolonialism refers to a historical phase by third world countries after the decline of colonialism."
"Postcolonial studies" denotes a defined inter-disciplinary field of perspectives, theories and methods that deal with the non-material dimensions of colonial rule and. One of the reasons for the importance of this current for European history is that its set of ideas define colonialism as a cluster of reciprocal relationships that has shaped not only the colonised regions, but also the European metropole.
Homi k. Bhabha is a postcolonial critic. Homi K. Bhabha's postcolonial theory involves analysis of nationality ethnicity and politics with poststructuralists ideas of identity.
Postcolonial identity is defined as shifting and commingling construction. Post-colonial criticism is similar to cultural studies. A post-colonial critic might be interested in works such as Daniela Defoe's Robinson Crusoe where colonial ideology in Crusoe's colonialist attitude toward the land of shipwreck.
∆ Conclusion :
Thus, conclude that five types of Cultural studies is the finding about culture can help leaders understand their own cultural biases. Different cultures have different ideas about what they want from their leaders. These findings help our leaders adapt their style to be effective in different cultures through the type of Cultural studies like postmodernism, popular culture, American materialistic, British Cultural Materialism, New Historicism help to understand the Cultural studies.
∆ Work Citation :
- Barry, Peter,“Beginning Theory.” Google Books. Google, 1995. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Beginning_Theory.html.
- Docherty, Thomas, ed. Postmodernism: A Reader (Columbia University Press, 1993). Monumental.
- Harris, Jonathan Gil. “New Historicism and Cultural Materialism: Michel Foucault, Stephen Greenblatt, Alan Sinfield.” In Shakespeare and Literary Theory. By Jonathan Gil Harris, 175–192. Oxford Shakespeare Topics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Nayak, Pramod K, “An Introduction To Cultural studies”, Second Edition, Viva,2019.
- “Postcolonial Studies Postcolonial Studies.” EGO, ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/theories-and-methods/postcolonial-studies.
- Storey, John. What is Cultural Studies?: A Reader. London; New York: Arnold, 1996.
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